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Hardy Palakona Fairy split cane rod, serial number 246936 with spare top, cane and leather tube with bag, 290 cm overall length, also a St George 5 3/8' reel and a Hardy fly box containing various flies. Condition report: The middle section of the rod has a re whipped and varnished base join. The cork handle has small damages, and signs of heavy use, the varnish on the rod has fine crazing. The internal bag has holes and repairs. The rod tube has a split to the top. The whipping is coming loose in places, the leather retaining strap has broken and been replaced, owners postcode to the leather cover. The St George lacks a line guard? From the frame the mechanism appears to work. Both the reel and box show signs of wear from use.
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CONDITIONS OF SALEPeter Wilson Fine Art Auctioneers LLP carries on business with bidders, buyers and all those present in the auction room prior to or inconnection with a sale on the following Conditions of Sale and on such other terms, conditions and notices as may be referred to herein.1. DEFINITIONSIn these Conditions:(a) 'Auctioneer' means the firm of Peter Wilson Fine Art Auctioneers LLP or its authorised Auctioneer, as appropriate;(b) 'Deliberate Forgery' means an imitation made with the intention of deceiving as to authorship, origin, date, age, period, culture or source butwhich is unequivocally described in the catalogue as being the work of a particular creator and which at the date of the sale had a valuematerially less than it would have had if it had been in accordance with the description;(c) 'Hammer Price' means the level of bidding reached (at or above any reserve) when the Auctioneer brings down the hammer;(d) 'Terms of Consignment' means the stipulated terms and rates of commission on which Peter Wilson Fine Art Auctioneers LLP acceptsinstructions from sellers or their agents;(e) 'Total Amount Due' means the Hammer Price in respect of the lot sold together with any premium, Value Added Tax chargeable and anyadditional charges payable by a defaulting buyer under these Conditions;(f) 'Sale Proceeds' means the net amount due to the seller, being the Hammer Price of the lot sold less commission at the stated rate, ValueAdded Tax chargeable and any other amounts due to us by the seller in whatever capacity and however arising;(g) 'You' or 'Your', etc. refer to the buyer as identified in Condition 2.(h) The singular includes the plural and vice versa as appropriate and words importing any Gender include either gender.2. BIDDING PROCEDURES AND THE BUYER(a) Bidders are required to register their particulars before bidding and to satisfy any security arrangements before entering the auction room toview or bid;(b) The maker of the highest bid accepted by the Auctioneer conducting the sale shall be the buyer at the Hammer Price ?the buyer? and anydispute about a bid shall be settled at the Auctioneer?s absolute discretion by reoffering the Lot during the course of the auction or otherwise.The Auctioneer shall act reasonably in exercising this discretion.(c) Bidders shall be deemed to act as principals.(d) Once made, no bid may be withdrawn.(e) Our right to bid on behalf of the seller is expressly reserved up to the amount of any reserve and the right to refuse any bid is also reserved.3. INCREMENTSBidding increments shall be at the Auctioneer?s sole discretion.4. THE PURCHASE PRICEThe buyer shall pay the Hammer Price together with a premium thereon of 24% which shall include VAT on the premium at the rate imposedby law. (20% + V.A.T (24% inclusive) up to £35,000, 17.5% + VAT from £35,001 to £100,000 and 15% + VAT from £100,001 and above).5. VALUE ADDED TAXValue Added Tax on the Hammer Price is imposed by law on all items affixed with an asterisk or double asterisk. Value Added Tax is chargedat the appropriate rate prevailing by law at the date of sale and is payable by buyers of relevant Lots. (Please refer to ?Information for Buyers?for a brief explanation of the VAT position).6. PAYMENT(1) Immediately a Lot is sold you will:(a) Give to us, if requested, proof of identity, and(b) Pay to us the Total Amount Due in cash or in such other say as is agreed by us.(2) Any payments by you to us may be applied by us towards any sums owing from you to us on any account whatever without regard to anydirections of you or your agent, whether express or implied.7. TITLE AND COLLECTION OF PURCHASES(1) The ownership of any Lots purchased shall not pass to you until you have made payment in full to us of the Total Amount Due.(2) You shall at your own risk and expense take away any lots that you have purchased and paid for not later than 3 working days following theday of the auction or upon the clearance of any cheque used for payment after which you shall be responsible for any removal, storage andinsurance charges.(3) No purchase can be claimed or removed until it has been paid for.8. REMEDIES FOR NON-PAYMENT OR FAILURE TO COLLECT PURCHASES(1) If any Lot is not paid for in full and taken away in accordance with these Conditions or if there is any other breach of these Conditions, we, asagent for the seller and on our own behalf, shall at our absolute discretion and without prejudice to any other rights we may have, be entitledto exercise one or more of the following rights and remedies:(a) To proceed against you for damages for breach of contract;(b) To rescind the sale of that Lot and/or any other Lots sold by us to you;(c) To resell the Lot (by auction or private treaty) in which case you shall be responsible for any resulting deficiency in the Total AmountDue (after crediting any part payment and adding any resale costs). Any surplus so arising shall belong to the seller;(d) To remove, store and insure the Lot at your expense and, in the case of storage, either at our premises or elsewhere;(e) To charge interest at a rate not exceeding 1.5% per month on the Total Amount Due to the extent it remainsunpaid for more than 3 working days after the sale;(f) To retain that or any other Lot sold to you until you pay the Total Amount Due;(g) To reject or ignore bids from you or your agent at future auctions or to impose conditions before any such bids shall be accepted;(h) To apply any proceeds of sale of other Lots due or in future becoming due to you towards the settlement of the Total Amount Due andto exercise a lien (that is a right to retain possession of) any of your property in our possession for any purpose until the debt due issatisfied.(2) We shall, as agent for the seller and on our own behalf pursue these rights and remedies only so far as is reasonable to make appropriaterecovery in respect of breach of these Conditions. 9. THIRD PARTY LIABILITYAll members of the public on our premises are there at their own risk and must note the lay out of the accommodation and securityarrangements. Accordingly neither the Auctioneer nor its employees or agents shall incur liability for death or personal injury (except asrequired by law by reason of our negligence) or similarly for the safety of the property of persons visiting prior to or at a sale.10. COMMISSION BIDSWhilst prospective buyers are strongly advised to attend the auction and are always responsible for any decision to bid for a particular Lot andshall be assumed to have carefully inspected and satisfied themselves as to its condition we will if so instructed clearly and in writing executebids on their behalf. Neither the Auctioneer nor its employees or agents shall be responsible for any failure to do so save where such failureis unreasonable. Where two or more commission bids at the same level are recorded we reserve the right in our absolute discretion to preferthe first bid so made. The Auctioneer may at its own discretion on your behalf exceed your commission by one bid. An instruction to buywith no upper limit will not be accepted.11. WARRANTY OF TITLE AND AVAILABILITYThe seller warrants to the Auctioneer and you that the seller is the true owner of the property consigned or is properly authorised by the trueowner to consign it for sale and is able to transfer good and marketable title to the property free from any third party claims.12. AGENCYThe Auctioneer normally acts as agent only and disclaims any responsibility for default by seller or buyers.13. TERMS OF SALEThe seller acknowledges that Lots are sold subject to the stipulations of these Conditions in their entirety and on the Terms of Consignmentas notified to the consignor at the time of the entry of the Lot.14. DESCRIPTIONS AND CONDITION(1) Whilst we seek to describe lots accurately, it may be impractical for us to carry out exhaustive due diligence on each lot. Prospective buyersare given ample opportunities to view and inspect before any sale and they (and any independent experts on their behalf) must satisfythemselves as to the accuracy of any description applied to a lot. Prospective buyers also bid on the understanding that, inevitably,representations or statements by us as to authorship, genuineness, origin, date, age, provenance, condition or estimated selling price involvematters of opinion. We undertake that any such opinion shall be honestly and reasonably held and accept liability for opinions given negligentlyor fraudulently. Subject to the foregoing neither the Auctioneer nor its employees or agents nor the seller accept liability for the correctnessof such opinions and all conditions and warranties, whether relating to description, condition or quality of lots, express, implied or statutory,are hereby excluded. This Condition is subject to the next following Condition concerning deliberate forgeries and applies save as providedfor in paragraph 6 ?information to buyers?.Please note: Condition of items or other faults is not stated within the catalogue and items are sold strictly as seen. If you are interested in an item and no condition report is present please email auctions@peterwilson.co.uk for more information.The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping is the responsibility of the buyer. The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping will not be refunded in any circumstance. (2) Private treaty sales made under these Conditions are deemed to be sales by auction for purposes of consumer legislation.15. FORGERIESNotwithstanding the preceding Condition, any Lot which proves to be a Deliberate Forgery may be returned to us by you within 14 days of theauction provided it is in the same condition as when bought, and is accompanied by particulars identifying it from the relevant cataloguedescription and a written statement of defects. If we are satisfied from the evidence presented that the Lot is a Deliberate Forgery we shallrefund the money paid by you for the Lot including any buyer?s premium provided that (1) if the catalogue description reflected the acceptedview of scholars and experts as at the date of sale or (2) you personally are notable to transfer a good and marketable title to us, you shallhave no rights under this Condition.The right of return provided by this Condition is additional to any right or remedy provided by law or by these Conditions of Sale.GENERAL16. We shall have the right at our discretion, to refuse admission to our premises or attendance at our auctions of any person.17.(1). Any right to compensation for losses liabilities and expenses incurred in respect of and as a result of any breach of these Conditions and anyexclusions provided by them shall be available to the seller and/or the Auctioneer as appropriate.(2). Such right and exclusions shall extend to and be deemed to be for the benefit of employees and agents of the seller and/or the Auctioneerwho may themselves enforce them.18. Any notice to any buyer, seller, bidder or viewer may be given by first class mail in which case it shall be deemed to have been received bythe addressee 48 hours after posting.19. Special terms may be used in catalogue descriptions of particular classes of items in which case the descriptions must be interpreted inaccordance with any glossary appearing at the commencement of the catalogue.20. Any indulgence extended to bidders buyers or sellers by us notwithstanding the strict terms of these Conditions or the Terms of Consignmentshall affect the position at the relevant time only and in respect of that particular concession only; in all other respects these Conditions shallbe construed as having full force and effect.21. English law applies to the interpretation of these Conditions. INFORMATION FOR BUYERS1. Introduction. The following information notes are intended to assist Buyers, particularly those inexperienced or new to our salerooms. All sales are conducted on our printed Conditions of Sale which are readily available for inspection and normally accompany catalogues. Our staff will be happy to help you if there is anything you do not fully understand.2. Agency. As Auctioneers we usually contract as agents for the seller whose identity, for reasons of confidentiality, is not normally disclosed. Accordingly if you buy your primary contract is with the seller.3. Estimates. Estimates are designed to help buyers gauge what sort of sum might be involved for the purchase of a particular lot.The lower estimate may represent the reserve price and certainly will not be below it. Estimates do not include the Buyer?s Premium or VAT (where chargeable). Estimates are prepared some time before the sale and may be altered by announcement before the sale.They are in no sense definitive.4. Buyer?s Premium. The Conditions of Sale oblige buyers to pay a buyer?s premium at 24% on the Hammer Price of each lot purchased. VAT is included in this premium at the rate imposed by law. (see below). (20% + V.A.T (24% inclusive) up to £35,000, 17.5% + VAT from £35,001 to £100,000 and 15% + VAT from £100,001 and above).5. ?Subject to VAT? indicates that VAT is payable by the purchaser at the standard rate (presently 20%) on the Hammer Price as well as being an element in the buyer?s premium. Items which are subject to VAT will be cleared marked within the catalogue text as well as being labelled in the saleroom. This imposition of VAT is likely to be because the seller is registered for VAT within the European Union and is not operating the Dealers Margin Scheme or because VAT is due at 20% on importation into the UK. The double symbol (**) indicates that the lot has been imported from outside the European Union and the present position is that these lots are liable to a reduced rate of VAT (5%) on the gross lot price (i.e. both the Hammer Price and the buyer?s premium). Lots which appear without either of the above symbols indicate that no VAT is payable on the Hammer Price. This is because such lots are sold usingthe Auctioneers? Margin Scheme and it should be noted that the VAT included within the Premium is not recoverable as input tax.6. We are, primarily, agents for the seller. We are dependent on information provided by the seller and whilst we may inspect lots and act reasonably in taking a general view about them we are normally unable to carry out a detailed or any examination of lots in order to ascertain their condition in the way in which it would be wise for a buyer to do. Intending buyers have ample opportunity for inspection of goods and therefore, accept responsibility for inspecting and investigating lots in which they are interested. Please note carefully the exclusion of liability for the condition of lots contained in the Conditions of Sale. Neither the seller nor we, as the Auctioneers, accept any responsibility for their condition. In particular, mechanical objects of any age are not guaranteed to be inworking order. However, in so far as we have examined the goods and make a representation about their condition, we shall be liable for any defect which that examination ought to have revealed to the Auctioneer but which would not have been revealed to the buyer had the buyer examined the goods. Additionally, in specified circumstance lots mis-described because they are ?deliberate forgeries? may be returned and repayment made. There is a 2 week time limit. (The expression ?Deliberate Forgery? is defined in our Conditions of Sale).Please note: Condition of items or other faults is not stated within the catalogue and items are sold strictly as seen. If you are interested in an item and no condition report is present please email auctions@peterwilson.co.uk for more information.The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping is the responsibility of the buyer. The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping will not be refunded in any circumstance. 7. Electrical goods. These are sold as ?antiques? only and if bought for use must be checked over for the compliance with safety regulations by a qualified electrician first.8. Export of goods. Buyers intending to export goods should ascertain (a) whether an export licence is required and (b) whether there is any specific prohibition on importing goods of threat character because, e.g. they may contain prohibited materials such as ivory. Ask us if you need help.9. Bidding. Bidders will be required to register before the sale commences and lots will be invoiced to the name and address on the registration form. Some form of identification may be required if you are unknown to us. Please enquire in advance about our arrangements for telephone bidding.10. Commission absentee bidding. Commission bids may be left with the Auctioneer indicating the maximum amount to be bid excluding buyer?s premium. They will be executed as cheaply as possible having regard to the reserve (if any) and competing bids. The Auctioneer may at his/her own discretion on your behalf exceed your commission by one bid. Please enquire in advance about our arrangements for the leaving of commission bids by telephone or fax.11. Methods of payment. As a general rule any cheques tendered will need to be cleared before removal of the goods is permitted.Please discuss with our Office in advance of the sale if other methods of payment are envisaged (except cash).12. Collection and storage. Please note what the Conditions of Sale state about collection and storage. It is important that goods are paid for and collected promptly. Items not removed within four days of the sale will be subject to a storage charge of £1.50 per item per day.13. Postage and Shipping. Peter Wilson Fine Art Auctioneers LLP do not provide a postage and packing service however we recommend the following company who deal with all postage, packing, and shipping for us:Logistics, ChesterTelephone: +44 (0) 1244 503 977 email: solutions4business@lumisi.co.uk website: www.lumisi.co.uk14. ?The Artists Resale Right? All items marked in with a red asterisk (*) are subject to Artists Resale Right. From mid ? February 2006 living artists are entitled to receive a resale royalty each time their art work is bought or sold by an art market professional. However, from 1 January 2012, the Right will be extended to include sales of works by artists who have died within the last 70 years (followingthe existing term of copyright). Royalties will be payable to the families and beneficiaries of these artists.This new law has been introduced in the UK following a European Directive. Art work must reach or exceed a certain value before it qualifies for the right.The qualifying threshold in the UK is 1000 euros which is approximately £680. The rates are calculated as a percentage of the sale price and are set out in a sliding scale from 4% to 0.25%.Portion of the sale price Royalty rateFrom 1000 to 50,000 euro 4%From 50,000.01 to 200,000 euro 3%This will be an extra charge upon the sum for which the art work is obtained, excluding V.A.T. For auctions this is regardedas the hammer price (excluding the buyers premium).For more information please see the Important Notice to Bidders posted in the salerooms or alternatively a full copy of ?The Artists Resale Right Regulations 2006? which is available on request. Please note: Condition of items or other faults is not stated within the catalogue and items are sold strictly as seen. If you are interested in an item and no condition report is present please email auctions@peterwilson.co.uk for more information.The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping is the responsibility of the buyer. The cost of postage, packing, transport, and shipping will not be refunded in any circumstance. Clocks and Watches proviso. All clocks and watches are sold without warranty. Comments regarding the going condition of clocks and watches relate totheir state at the time of cataloguing and those comments may no-longer be correct at the time of sale or delivery.Buyers should assume that all lots will require servicing to be useable and reliable.Clocks and watches are not tested for accuracy, duration or water tightness.Gemstones and PearlsThat unless stated to the contrary the gemstones and pearls in this catalogue have not been testedto distinguish between natural and synthetic or culturedPictures, Drawings, Prints, Miniatures etc. ?The first name or names and surname of the artist ? In our opinion a work by the artist. ?Attributed to ..? ? In our opinion probably a work by the artist in whole or in part.?Circle of ..? ? In our opinion a work of the period of the artist and showing his/her influence.?Style of ..? / ?Follower of ..? ? In our opinion a work executed in the artist?s style, of a similar period, but not necessarily a pupil.?Manner of ..? ? In our opinion a work in the artist?s style, but of a later date.?School ..? Accompanied by place name or country, and date ? In our opinion a work executed at that location and period. ?After ..? ? In our opinion a copy (of any date) of a work by the artist.?signed and/or dated and/or inscribed? ? In our opinion the signature and/or date and/or inscription are by the artist?s hand.?bears signature and/or date and/or inscription? ? In our opinion the signature and/or date and/or inscription are by another hand.All dimensions are approximate. Dimensions for pictures and paintings are given height before width.
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Estimate £150 - £250Nov 26, 2014
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Was wondering what forum members know about the Hardy reels made in the last three to five years. I have a Hardy flyweight and a Bougle that both have serial numbers that start with the letter J. Both reels were purchased around three to five years ago. I had a a person on ebay email inform me that when Hardy's start with the letter J it means they were made in Japan. Is that true? I though that Hardy started to outsource their reels in the last year. Both reels are at least three years old. When did they start to put serial's on the newer Hardy reels? Thanks Bob Last edited by bob2935 on 11/11/08 09:22, edited 1 time in total.
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BS 5930:2015 presents an update on the requirements for the investigation of sites in order to assess their suitability for construction and to identify the characteristics of a site that affect the design and construction of the project.
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BS 5930:2015, 'the code of practice for site investigations', is a UK code of practice which came into effect on 31 July 2015 British Standards Institution.
It supersedes BS5930:1999+A2:2010, which itself supersedes BS 5930:1981 which in turn supersedes CP2001: 1957 'Site investigations'.
The stated purpose of the document is to '..deal(s) with the investigation of sites for the purposes of assessing their suitability for the construction of civil engineering and building works and of acquiring knowledge of the characteristics of a site that affect the design and construction of such work..'.
The document gives guidance on legal, environmental and technical matters relating to site investigation and includes a section on the description and classification of soils and rocks.
BS5930:1999 was amended in December 2007 to avoid conflict with the newly introduced Eurocode 7 'Geotechnical Design' and the code is to be retained as a normative reference.
BS5930:2015 is a further full revision of the standard, and introduces some principal changes including: compliance with BS EN 1997-1 and BS EN 1997-2 and related test standards; new information on geophysical surveying and ground testing, and updated guidance on desk studies, field reconnaissance, ground investigations on contaminated ground and ground affected by voids; the requirements of data capture in the field and in the inclusion of this in reporting.
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Section 1 Preliminary Considerations Pages 3–6[1] One piece all episode torrent download.
Seven factors to be cognizant of at this stage are: suitability of the site for the proposed works, economic and adequacy of design, optimum method of construction with reference to potential issues due to ground and groundwater. The effect of changes to the ground and environment due to the works, and, therefore the effect on the works from these changes. Consideration of suitability on a selection of sites. And finally, the existing works and their implications. If a site has been used in the past, this is a major factor in the investigation, mining, quarrying, landfill or waste disposal, industrial usages, archaeological or ecological factors may all have a bearing on the intended works. The cost of an SI is low relative to the project cost and when conducted thoroughly can be a significant saving later.Investigations should evaluate the nature of the ground and groundwater. The size and nature of the works will have a bearing on the investigations as will its former use as a site or contamination of ground or groundwater. It will be considered in 3 stages. First a desk study to collate the information above as far as possible. Where a site is contaminated it is appropriate at this stage to plan site safety procedures for any further investigations. Planning the details of further investigations is appropriate too. Existing records, local authorities, industry, libraries, present or past OS maps and aerial photography or even anecdotal information are to be used. A site reconnaissance should also be conducted at this stage and includes a thorough visual inspection of any exposed cuttings and note taken of level of vegetation. The surroundings should also be noted. Second, a more detailed investigation is undertaken and finally a construction review – these shall be discussed later.
Section 2 Ground investigations Pages 7–23[1]
This is a natural follow on from the desk study, the objectives are similar – acquiring sufficient information for design, assessing the hazards. Depending on the works the investigations will differ i.e. defects of existing works, slope failure or new works.Soil profile and groundwater condition should be established. Temporary or permanent changes should be investigated this involves changes in stresses and strains, moisture content, strength and compressibility. Certain areas will have old mines and underground cavities which need investigation. The ground investigation should be given enough time to be conducted before works are designed, this may involve in predicting ground condition at various times of the year. Due to the potential flexibility and size of an investigation, adequate supervision, equipment, testing, personnel, and audits should be provided in a safe manner. The extent of the GI can depend on many variables such as, character of site, availability of equipment and personnel and costs of methods. It should cover all ground affected by stresses and strains to an appropriate depth and breadth. Excavations, boreholes probing and geophysical surveying are used to investigate the ground. Intrusive investigations should be sited, spaced and backfilled with care. The GI should give sufficient information to make good decisions on design, construction material selection. The condition and accessibility on site may affect the equipment used. As the determination of groundwater conditions is important – the use of piezometers are at times used. Ground conditions from rock and gravel through to silts and clays will determine the equipments and approach used in the ground investigations as will made up, contaminated ground and under water ground. Geotechnical specialists are used in the investigation and interpretation of results.
Section 3 Field investigation Pages 24–45[1]Beyond compare license key generator.
This section is more specific with regard to how the ground is investigated using methods such as excavating or drilling. Frequency of sampling and testing can be decided with the following in mind, the determination of the character and structure of all the strata and ground water conditions, the determination of the properties of the strata and the use of special techniques should ‘normal’ techniques not give satisfactory results. Shallow trial pits go to a maximum depth of 4–5 metres, comprehensive records should include the location and orientation of the pit and the face logged. Samples should be taken as soon as the pit is opened and closed as soon as possible properly – there are however advantages to leaving them open for a time. Samples are taken from deep trial pits and shafts at certain sites if necessary and if below the water table can become a more complicated process. Boring augers are in common use. There are two types of rotary drilling, open hole drilling and core drilling. The selection of the type and method used can depend on ground conditions and time and cost constraints. Recovered cores should be maintained as near as possible to its natural state until it is stored. In most cases it is inevitably disturbed. Another method is wash boring which is most applicable to sands, silts, and clays. However, these are not representative of the character and consistency of the penetrated strata. Ground water conditions are determined from water level in boreholes and the use of standpipe, hydraulic, electrical and pneumatic piezometers. Water samples should be representative and stored in appropriate containers. Backfilling should be well compacted to obviate the flow of groundwater to any aquifer below and/or settlement. The use of cement based grout can be used - bentonite is also used to decrease shrinkage. Sampling quality can be classified to determine depending on their disturbance and other factors such as, wet or dry ground. Samplers should conform to the standard. Sampling takes different forms i.e. – continuous sampling, the sand and window sampler and block sampling. Due to the cost of sample acquisition, samples should be treated with great care. Good methods of handling and labelling should be established.
Section 4 Field Tests Pages 46–98[1]
These are used when laboratory testing is not enough to determine the required properties of the ground. Laboratory samples are at times not considered to be representative and of insufficient quality, stress, pore pressure, and degree of saturation. Discontinuities in the ground can also warrant filed tests. Sample sizes depend on ground nature and test type. Boreholes are commonly used. The SPT is a simple and inexpensive test which can furnish a piling contractor with useful information. The van test is used to determine the shear strength of a soil - material with coarse silt or sand can mean unreliable results. Permeability is found by determining whether the relevant aquifer is confined on unconfined with cognizance of the normal fluctuations in the aquifer. Installation of the borehole itself may influence stresses. For a reliable test this should be followed by a pumping test. Packer tests are also used to measure the impermeability of grouted ground and permeability of dam foundations, strength and deformation data can also be taken. There are many types, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic, the latter being the most popular. A clean borehole with a properly seated packer is essential (cement mortar is sometime used). Geophysical logs from the boreholes used can be taken at the same time enhancing the value of the results. Pressuremeter tests are used to stress, stiffness and strength of the ground to be investigated. It can be used in most ground types. There are three main types – pre-bored, self bored and pushed in. Boring should do minimal damage to the ground as much as possible. an unload reload method of around three times is used to give an accurate value of stiffness. Probing from the surface is done using a steel rod. Mainly used at a preliminary stage, it is also useful to check surrounding ground but is unsuitable in soils with boulders and cobbles. Static probing is mostly conducted with the use of electric sensors. It is quick and cheap. Pumping allows the determination of groundwater conditions using pumping and observation wells. Data interpretation can be complicated and is classed in steady and non-steady states. Density testing is conducted using the average of three results to obtain a significant result. The use of the sand replacement and core cutter test are common and the use of water replacement, rubber balloon, and nuclear methods are also used.In-situ testing data is important to design of works. Stress measurement in rocks and soils can be determined. Bearing tests are used to determine the shear strength and deformation characteristics of a soil. In-situ shear testing is done using a system similar to the laboratory shear box test. Large scale testing should be assessed on a case by case basis. Slope failure or settlement of a structure after field tests have been conducted are examples of phenomena which may be considered as back analysis, this be conducted successfully when accompanied by a full investigation to determine the ground and ground water conditions. Geophysical surveying can be useful in site investigation for determining layers of rock other geological features, locating aquifers, mineral deposits, voids – natural or man-made and engineering properties of the ground. Electrical resistivity and seismic methods amongst others are used. This is a specialized field. The geophysical adviser should be involved at all stages. Experience has shown care should be taken when writing the specification for this type of work amongst other factors.
Section 5: Laboratory tests on samples Pages 101-111[1]
These tests are to be undertaken to describe and classify samples, investigate the fundamental behaviour of soils and rocks, obtain soil and rock parameters with reference to design requirements. Nature of ground and soil type, quality and how representative the sample is, method of analysis proposed, requirement of the design along with laboratory capabilities are all key factors in lab testing. Provision of good handling, labelling and storage should facilitate the nominated testing. Practical experience and skill in testing are invaluable and lead to reliable predictions being made. Sample quality should be borne in mind when testing, and finally reporting unambiguous results is desirable.
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Section 6: Description of soils and rocks Pages 112-140[1]
Results of ground investigations may be needed even after samples have been disposed, leaving only descriptions of the soil to go on, for this reason good descriptions should be given. Designers also use past experience of materials of similar properties. Quality of samples should be reflected in the description. Soil characteristics are based on particle size grading of the coarser particles and plasticity of the finer particles. Main descriptions should be kept concise however they can be followed by further details if applicable such as, density, discontinuities, bedding, colour, composite soil types, principal soil type, stratum name, geological formation, age and type of deposit and classification. Materi sbk kelas 5 semester 2.
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Section 7: Field reports Pages 141-157[1]
Field reports are filled in by the drillers, engineers, technicians, the field report should encourage the operator to record all the data necessary for the eventual interpretation necessary for the design or action necessary for new or remedial works. after a time, samples are destroyed and the only record maybe the field report, for this reason it should be composed and written in properly. Description of ground, ground water, boreholes and other factors should be recorded and commented on, recommendation with regard to safety and design maybe made also.
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